|
Kevin Donovan (born April 17, 1957), better known by the stage name Afrika Bambaataa, is an American DJ from the South Bronx, New York.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Afrika Bambaataa )〕 He is notable for releasing a series of genre-defining electro tracks in the 1980s that influenced the development of hip hop culture. Afrika Bambaataa is one of the originators of breakbeat DJing and is respectfully known as "The Godfather" and "Amen Ra of Hip Hop Kulture", as well as the father of electro funk.〔Modulations: A History of Electronic Music, Peter Shapiro, ed. New York: Caipirinha Productions Inc., 2000, p. 152〕 Through his co-opting of the street gang the Black Spades into the music and culture-oriented Universal Zulu Nation, he has helped spread Hip Hop Culture throughout the world.〔 == Early life == Donovan grew up in The Bronx River Projects, with an activist mother and uncle. As a child, he was exposed to the black liberation movement, and witnessed debates between his mother and uncle regarding the conflicting ideologies in the movement. He was exposed to his mother's extensive and eclectic record collection.〔 Gangs in the area became the law in the area, clearing their turf of drug dealers, assisting with community health programs and both fighting and partying to keep members and turf.〔 Donovan was a member of the Black Spades. He quickly rose to the position of warlord of one of the divisions. As warlord, it was his job to build ranks and expand the turf of the young Spades. He was not afraid to cross turfs to forge relationships with other gang members, and with other gangs. As a result, the Spades became the biggest gang in the city in terms of both membership and turf.〔 After Donovan won an essay contest that earned him a trip to Africa, his worldview shifted. He had seen the movie ''Zulu'' and was impressed with the solidarity exhibited by the Zulu in that film. During his trip to Africa, the communities he visited inspired him to stop the violence and create a community in his own neighborhood.〔 He changed his name to Afrika Bambaataa Aasim, adopting the name of the Zulu chief Bhambatha, who led an armed rebellion against unfair economic practices in early 20th century South Africa that can be seen as a precursor to the anti-apartheid movement. He told people that his name was Zulu for "affectionate leader."〔 Donovan formed The "Bronx River Organization" as an alternative to the Black Spades.〔 Inspired by DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Dee, Donovan began hosting hip-hop parties beginning in 1977. He vowed to use hip-hop to draw angry kids out of gangs and form the Universal Zulu Nation.〔Chang, Jeff. "It's a Hip-Hop World." ''Foreign Policy'' 163, Nov/Dec 2007, 58-65.〕 Robert Keith Wiggins, a.k.a. "Cowboy" of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, is credited with naming hip-hop; the term became a common phrase used by MCs as part of a scat-inspired style of rhyming.〔Chang, Jeff (editor). ''Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip Hop'', "Physical Graffiti: the History of Hip Hop Dance," contributor Jorge "Popmaster Fabel" Pabon, p19.〕 In the documentary film Just to Get a Rep, the writer Steven Hager claims that the first time "hip-hop" was used in print was in his Village Voice article where he was quoting Donovan who had called the culture "hip-hop" in an interview.〔 However, the very first time "hip hop" was used in print was eight months before, in a lesser known interview of Bambaataa, in The East Village Eye, written by hip hop pioneer, Michael Holman.〕 In 1982, Donovan and his followers, a group of dancers, artists, and DJs, went outside the United States on the first hip hop tour.〔 He saw that the hip hop tours would be the key to help expand hip hop and his Universal Zulu Nation. In addition it would help promote the values of hip hop that he believed are based on peace, unity, love, and having fun. He brought peace to the gangs; many artists and gang members say that "hip hop saved a lot of lives."〔 His influence inspired many overseas artists like the French rapper MC Solaar.〔 He was a popular DJ in The South Bronx rap scene and became known not only as Afrika Bambaataa but also as the "Master of Records."〔George, Nelson. ''Hip Hop America'', pp. 16, 18, 57〕 He established two rap crews: the Jazzy 5 including MCs Master Ice, Mr. Freeze, Master Bee, Master D.E.E, and AJ Les, and the second crew referred to as Soulsonic Force including Mr. Biggs, Pow Wow and Emcee G.L.O.B.E. In that same year Donovan and Soulsonic Force dropped the live band to go high-tech. Bambaataa credited the pioneering Japanese electropop group Yellow Magic Orchestra, whose work he sampled, as an inspiration. He also borrowed an eerie keyboard hook from German electronic pioneers Kraftwerk and was provided an electronic "beat-box" by producer Arthur Baker and synthesizer player John Robie. That resulted in "Planet Rock," which went to gold status and generated an entire school of "electro-boogie" rap and dance music. Bambaataa formed his own label to release the Time Zone Compilation. He created "turntablism" as its own subgenre and the ratification of "electronica" as an industry-certified trend in the late 1990s.〔(The Art of Turntablism ) (PBS documentary)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afrika Bambaataa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|